Schematic for standalone version with TP4056 charging module and battery

Components:

• Module ESP8266 D1 Mini or equivalents (?)
• 4.2' display from WaveShare, WeAct, or GoodDisplay (Display selection and comparisons)
• BME280 temperature and humidity sensor
• 510 Ohm Resistor
• 180 kOhm Resistor
• TP4056 Charging Module
• 2x Switch
• USB-C Charging port (in "stand" version of case)

In case of using additional I2S sensors (e.g. air quality sensor, CO2), the connection is made to the same pins (SDA, SCL, 3.3V, GND), according to the pin designations on the sensor itself.

Always turn off the device ("Power switch" on scheme) or remove battery before flashing via USB

- By default, the standalone version reads input voltage on A0 pin (BAT_SENSOR), and if BAT_SENSOR switch is off, enables constant operation mode - connects to the WiFi network and obtains an IP address for remote access and further configuration/direct control. The IP address will be displayed on the screen.

- If you are using an ESP8266 version other than the D1 Mini, internal protective resistors may have different values. If necessary, you can adjust the variables in the Env.cpp -> readBatteryV() method.

Note on flashing the Battery-Powered version

Firmware updates can be performed by web-panel http://[device IP address]/update
Simply switch the device to constant mode (disconnect pin A0 and reboot). The firmware file after compilation in PlatformIO is usually saved in the project directory .pio\build\esp12e\firmware.bin.

In the case of flashing via USB, make sure to avoid connecting two power sources simultaneously (for example, USB to both the 4056 and the ESP at the same time)

In case when connecting to a computer / powering the ESP8266 via USB, the 4056 module has a battery protection chip, which should detect an "overcharge" of the battery if the "Power switch" is not turned off while the ESP is powered via USB, and instantly disconnect B- from GND, thereby automatically protecting the battery. If you need to frequently reflash the ESP8266 during development and want to avoid potential issues with the battery / charging circuit, you can expose the RX / TX / GND pins and connect the device to the computer via them, using a separate USB-COM converter (USB to TTL). In this case, to put the ESP8266 into flashing mode, you need to connect the D3 pin to GND during flashing, press RESET, or turn the power off and on again, then proceed with firmware uploading through PlatformIO.

Additional protective measures can be considered, such as adding protection using two 1N5817 diodes as implemented in the SlimeVR project

In case if a 1N5817 protection diode is added as shown in the diagram, it will protect the battery if the "Power switch" was not turned off during flashing / powering via USB. Long-term testing in this mode has not been conducted.

Scheme from bottom - version that allow power/charging directly from the ESP. In this case, the battery and power circuit will be completely isolated. In such a scheme, it is possible to charge and work via UART simultaneously, as the ESP will be powered from USB.
This option has not been used, but if you plan to develop this approach, you should also protect the device from possible simultaneous connection of two power sources (choose the ESP as the base and route the USB-C port with DATA pins and power to the device's body).

Alternatively, if the device is to be powered continuously from the mains, you might not need a battery at all. In the event of a power outage, the ESP8266 will simply reboot and continue working. However, if for some reason you prefer to use the device continuously from the mains while having a battery backup, it's better to look for charging modules designed for constant connection to the mains. For example, searching for "Lithium battery charger ups power supply 5v 18650" yields many cheap ready-made solutions designed for continuous power from the mains with battery backup. The board will be slightly larger, so you'll need to adjust the case accordingly. In practice, this hasn't been a major concern yet, as the device, even with a regular battery, lasts for several months if it's working in normal mode with sleep transitions.